PERKEMBANGAN MEDIA BARU
Permulaan Laman Web: (Kajian Peribadi - Methodologi Penyelidikan)
- 1969 : CompuServe merupakan pembekal utama perkhidmatan internet komersial yang pertama. Menggunakan teknologi yang dikenali sebagai Dial-Up, menguasai bidang perkhidmatan internet sosial sehingga pertengahan 1990-an.
- 1971 : Email pertama di dunia mula dihantar.
- 1978 : Dua penggemar perisian komputer dari Chicago mencipta papan berita yang dikenali kini sebagai BBS untuk tujuan menyiarkan maklumat kepada rakan sekerja, membuat pengumuman dan berkongsi maklumat. Ianya adalah permulaan asas komuniti kecil maya.
- 1984 : The Prodigy telah diperkenalkan yang dikenali sebagai perkhidmatan atas talian atau online. Ia berkembang menjadi pembekal kedua terbesar dalam talian perkhidmatan pada tahun 1990. The Prodigy mempelopori jualan sambungan Dial-Up ke World Wide Web dan perkhidmatan hosting untuk penerbit web.
- 1989 : Tim Berners-Lee mencipta World Wide Web semasa beliau bekerja di CERN yang merupakan organisasi Eropah untuk penyelidikan nuklear.
- 1993 : World Wide Web telah didermakan kepada dunia oleh CERN. Lebih dari 200 pelayan web dalam talian atau online. Laman web yang kita kenal kini dilahirkan.
Permulaan Rangkaian Sosial:
- 1994 : Lebih dari 1500 pelayan web berada dalam talian dan orang ramai bergantung kepada internet yang juga dikenali sebagai Information Superhighway.
- 1997 : Laman web mempunyai satu juta laman. Blogging bermula. SixDegrees.com membolehkan pengguna mencipta profil dan senarai rakan-rakan. AOL Instant Messenger membolehkan pengguna berbual dari jarak jauh.
- 1998 : Google dicipta sebagai pusat carian yang utama.
- 2000 : Perkhidmatan dalam talian digunakan dalam perniagaan dan perdagangan. Tujuk puluh juta computer telah disambungkan ke internet.
- 2001 : Wikipedia, ensiklopedia dalam talian dan terbesar dicipta. Apple mula menjual iPods.
- 2002 : Friendster mula ditubuhkan sebagai laman rangkaian sosial. AOL mempunyai 34 juta ahli dalam talian.
- 2003 : MySpace dicipta sebagai klon kepada Friendster yang mempunyai fungsi yang sama. Linkedln telah dicipta sebagai rangkaian sosial yang berorientasikan perniagaan untuk golongan professional. Apple memperkenalkan iTunes sebagai perkhidmatan muzik dalam talian.
- 2004 :Facebook telah ditubuhkan sebagai laman rangkaian sosial. MySpace memonopoli sebagai laman sosial yang terkenal. Podcasting bermula di internet. Flickr dicipta dan Digg diasaskan sebagai laman sosial untuk menyampaikan berita.
Kemuncak Rangkaian Sosial :
- 2005 : Blog mula ditubuhkan sebagai satu lagi rangkaian sosial. Youtube mula dicipta. Terdapat lebih 8 juta laman sesawang di dunia.
- 2006 : MySpace merupakan rangkaian sosial yang terkenal. Twitter dilancarkan sebagai rangkaian sosial dan laman mikroblog serta pengguna dapat menerima mesej yang dikenali sebagai tweets. Facebook meluaskan lagi rangkaian pengguna.
- 2007 : Microsoft membeli saham Facebook. Facebook melancarkan Facebook Platform yang membolehkan pemaju pihak ketiga mencipta aplikasi di dalam laman. Apple melancarkan telefon pintar yang dikenali sebagai iPhone.
- 2009 : Facebook merupakan laman yang paling terkenal dengan jumlah pengguna seramai 200 juta. Microsoft’s Bing menyertai Yahoo dan Google sebagai laman utama carian serta dianggarkan suku dari populasi dunia menggunakan internet. Laman web tidak dapat dikira kerana mempunyai perubahan pada setiap hari.
- 2010 : Facebook berkembang dengan mempunyai 400 juta irang pengguna sementara MySpace mulai jatuh. Apple melancarkan komputer tablet yang dikenali sebagai iPad yang boleh melayari internet. 30 peratus dari populasi dunia menggunakan internet pada tahun ini.
- 2011 : Media Sosial boleh diakses di mana sahaja dan menjadi sebahagian dari kehidupan manusia dengan jumlah pengguna Facebook seramai 550 juta, 65 juta tweets dari Twitter dihantar setiap hari dan 2 bilion video dilihat setiap hari di Youtube. Linkedln mempunyai 90 juta pengguna profesional. Pengguna internet dianggarkan 60 peratus dari populasi dunia pada tahun 2015.
- 2012 : Media sosial telah mencapai kematangan dengan penggunaan rangkaian sosial dapat diakses melalui telefon pintar. Lebih separuh daripada orang dewasa menggunakan rangkaian sosial di pejabat manakala separuh darinya menggunakan rangkaian sosial di rumah atau melalui telefon pintar. Perkongsian maklumat peribadi kepada awam melalui media sosial menjadi kebimbangan kerana tidak mementingkan privasi.
- 1969 : CompuServe merupakan pembekal utama perkhidmatan internet komersial yang pertama. Menggunakan teknologi yang dikenali sebagai Dial-Up, menguasai bidang perkhidmatan internet sosial sehingga pertengahan 1990-an.
- 1971 : Email pertama di dunia mula dihantar.
- 1978 : Dua penggemar perisian komputer dari Chicago mencipta papan berita yang dikenali kini sebagai BBS untuk tujuan menyiarkan maklumat kepada rakan sekerja, membuat pengumuman dan berkongsi maklumat. Ianya adalah permulaan asas komuniti kecil maya.
- 1984 : The Prodigy telah diperkenalkan yang dikenali sebagai perkhidmatan atas talian atau online. Ia berkembang menjadi pembekal kedua terbesar dalam talian perkhidmatan pada tahun 1990. The Prodigy mempelopori jualan sambungan Dial-Up ke World Wide Web dan perkhidmatan hosting untuk penerbit web.
- 1989 : Tim Berners-Lee mencipta World Wide Web semasa beliau bekerja di CERN yang merupakan organisasi Eropah untuk penyelidikan nuklear.
- 1993 : World Wide Web telah didermakan kepada dunia oleh CERN. Lebih dari 200 pelayan web dalam talian atau online. Laman web yang kita kenal kini dilahirkan.
Permulaan Rangkaian Sosial:
- 1994 : Lebih dari 1500 pelayan web berada dalam talian dan orang ramai bergantung kepada internet yang juga dikenali sebagai Information Superhighway.
- 1997 : Laman web mempunyai satu juta laman. Blogging bermula. SixDegrees.com membolehkan pengguna mencipta profil dan senarai rakan-rakan. AOL Instant Messenger membolehkan pengguna berbual dari jarak jauh.
- 1998 : Google dicipta sebagai pusat carian yang utama.
- 2000 : Perkhidmatan dalam talian digunakan dalam perniagaan dan perdagangan. Tujuk puluh juta computer telah disambungkan ke internet.
- 2001 : Wikipedia, ensiklopedia dalam talian dan terbesar dicipta. Apple mula menjual iPods.
- 2002 : Friendster mula ditubuhkan sebagai laman rangkaian sosial. AOL mempunyai 34 juta ahli dalam talian.
- 2003 : MySpace dicipta sebagai klon kepada Friendster yang mempunyai fungsi yang sama. Linkedln telah dicipta sebagai rangkaian sosial yang berorientasikan perniagaan untuk golongan professional. Apple memperkenalkan iTunes sebagai perkhidmatan muzik dalam talian.
- 2004 :Facebook telah ditubuhkan sebagai laman rangkaian sosial. MySpace memonopoli sebagai laman sosial yang terkenal. Podcasting bermula di internet. Flickr dicipta dan Digg diasaskan sebagai laman sosial untuk menyampaikan berita.
Kemuncak Rangkaian Sosial :
- 2005 : Blog mula ditubuhkan sebagai satu lagi rangkaian sosial. Youtube mula dicipta. Terdapat lebih 8 juta laman sesawang di dunia.
- 2006 : MySpace merupakan rangkaian sosial yang terkenal. Twitter dilancarkan sebagai rangkaian sosial dan laman mikroblog serta pengguna dapat menerima mesej yang dikenali sebagai tweets. Facebook meluaskan lagi rangkaian pengguna.
- 2007 : Microsoft membeli saham Facebook. Facebook melancarkan Facebook Platform yang membolehkan pemaju pihak ketiga mencipta aplikasi di dalam laman. Apple melancarkan telefon pintar yang dikenali sebagai iPhone.
- 2009 : Facebook merupakan laman yang paling terkenal dengan jumlah pengguna seramai 200 juta. Microsoft’s Bing menyertai Yahoo dan Google sebagai laman utama carian serta dianggarkan suku dari populasi dunia menggunakan internet. Laman web tidak dapat dikira kerana mempunyai perubahan pada setiap hari.
- 2010 : Facebook berkembang dengan mempunyai 400 juta irang pengguna sementara MySpace mulai jatuh. Apple melancarkan komputer tablet yang dikenali sebagai iPad yang boleh melayari internet. 30 peratus dari populasi dunia menggunakan internet pada tahun ini.
- 2011 : Media Sosial boleh diakses di mana sahaja dan menjadi sebahagian dari kehidupan manusia dengan jumlah pengguna Facebook seramai 550 juta, 65 juta tweets dari Twitter dihantar setiap hari dan 2 bilion video dilihat setiap hari di Youtube. Linkedln mempunyai 90 juta pengguna profesional. Pengguna internet dianggarkan 60 peratus dari populasi dunia pada tahun 2015.
- 2012 : Media sosial telah mencapai kematangan dengan penggunaan rangkaian sosial dapat diakses melalui telefon pintar. Lebih separuh daripada orang dewasa menggunakan rangkaian sosial di pejabat manakala separuh darinya menggunakan rangkaian sosial di rumah atau melalui telefon pintar. Perkongsian maklumat peribadi kepada awam melalui media sosial menjadi kebimbangan kerana tidak mementingkan privasi.
nEW MEDIA - THROUGH WIKIPEDIA
History
In the 1960s, connections between computing and radical art began to grow stronger. It was not until the 1980s that Alan Kay and his co-workers at Xerox PARC began to give the computability of a personal computer to the individual, rather than have a big organization be in charge of this. "In the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, we seem to witness a different kind of parallel relationship between social changes and computer design. Although causally unrelated, conceptually it makes sense that the Cold War and the design of the Web took place at exactly the same time.
Writers and philosophers such as Marshall McLuhan were instrumental in the development of media theory during this period. His now famous declaration in Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964) that "the medium is the message" drew attention to the too often ignored influence media and technology themselves, rather than their "content," have on humans' experience of the world and on society broadly.
Until the 1980s media relied primarily upon print and analog broadcast models, such as those of television and radio. The last twenty-five years have seen the rapid transformation into media which are predicated upon the use of digital technologies, such as the Internet and video games. However, these examples are only a small representation of new media. The use of digital computers has transformed the remaining 'old' media, as suggested by the advent of digital television and online publications. Even traditional media forms such as the printing press have been transformed through the application of technologies such as image manipulation software like Adobe Photoshop and desktop publishing tools.
Andrew L. Shapiro (1999) argues that the "emergence of new, digital technologies signals a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources" (Shapiro cited in Croteau and Hoynes 2003: 322). W. Russell Neuman (1991) suggests that whilst the "new media" have technical capabilities to pull in one direction, economic and social forces pull back in the opposite direction. According to Neuman, "We are witnessing the evolution of a universal interconnected network of audio, video, and electronic text communications that will blur the distinction between interpersonal and mass communication and between public and private communication" (Neuman cited in Croteau and Hoynes 2003: 322). Neuman argues that new media will:
Alter the meaning of geographic distance.
Allow for a huge increase in the volume of communication.
Provide the possibility of increasing the speed of communication.
Provide opportunities for interactive communication.
Allow forms of communication that were previously separate to overlap and interconnect.
Consequently it has been the contention of scholars such as Douglas Kellner and James Bohman that new media, and particularly the Internet, provide the potential for a democratic postmodern public sphere, in which citizens can participate in well informed, non-hierarchical debate pertaining to their social structures. Contradicting these positive appraisals of the potential social impacts of new media are scholars such as Ed Herman and Robert McChesney who have suggested that the transition to new media has seen a handful of powerful transnational telecommunications corporations who achieve a level of global influence which was hitherto unimaginable.
Scholars, such as Lister et al. (2003) and Friedman (2005), have highlighted both the positive and negative potential and actual implications of new media technologies, suggesting that some of the early work into new media studies was guilty of technological determinism – whereby the effects of media were determined by the technology themselves, rather than through tracing the complex social networks which governed the development, funding, implementation and future development of any technology.
Based on the argument that people have a limited amount of time to spend on the consumption of different media, Displacement theory argue that the viewership or readership of one particular outlet leads to the reduction in the amount of time spent by the individual on another. The introduction of New Media, such as the internet, therefore reduces the amount of time individuals would spend on existing “Old” Media, which could ultimately lead to the end of such traditional media.
In the 1960s, connections between computing and radical art began to grow stronger. It was not until the 1980s that Alan Kay and his co-workers at Xerox PARC began to give the computability of a personal computer to the individual, rather than have a big organization be in charge of this. "In the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, we seem to witness a different kind of parallel relationship between social changes and computer design. Although causally unrelated, conceptually it makes sense that the Cold War and the design of the Web took place at exactly the same time.
Writers and philosophers such as Marshall McLuhan were instrumental in the development of media theory during this period. His now famous declaration in Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964) that "the medium is the message" drew attention to the too often ignored influence media and technology themselves, rather than their "content," have on humans' experience of the world and on society broadly.
Until the 1980s media relied primarily upon print and analog broadcast models, such as those of television and radio. The last twenty-five years have seen the rapid transformation into media which are predicated upon the use of digital technologies, such as the Internet and video games. However, these examples are only a small representation of new media. The use of digital computers has transformed the remaining 'old' media, as suggested by the advent of digital television and online publications. Even traditional media forms such as the printing press have been transformed through the application of technologies such as image manipulation software like Adobe Photoshop and desktop publishing tools.
Andrew L. Shapiro (1999) argues that the "emergence of new, digital technologies signals a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources" (Shapiro cited in Croteau and Hoynes 2003: 322). W. Russell Neuman (1991) suggests that whilst the "new media" have technical capabilities to pull in one direction, economic and social forces pull back in the opposite direction. According to Neuman, "We are witnessing the evolution of a universal interconnected network of audio, video, and electronic text communications that will blur the distinction between interpersonal and mass communication and between public and private communication" (Neuman cited in Croteau and Hoynes 2003: 322). Neuman argues that new media will:
Alter the meaning of geographic distance.
Allow for a huge increase in the volume of communication.
Provide the possibility of increasing the speed of communication.
Provide opportunities for interactive communication.
Allow forms of communication that were previously separate to overlap and interconnect.
Consequently it has been the contention of scholars such as Douglas Kellner and James Bohman that new media, and particularly the Internet, provide the potential for a democratic postmodern public sphere, in which citizens can participate in well informed, non-hierarchical debate pertaining to their social structures. Contradicting these positive appraisals of the potential social impacts of new media are scholars such as Ed Herman and Robert McChesney who have suggested that the transition to new media has seen a handful of powerful transnational telecommunications corporations who achieve a level of global influence which was hitherto unimaginable.
Scholars, such as Lister et al. (2003) and Friedman (2005), have highlighted both the positive and negative potential and actual implications of new media technologies, suggesting that some of the early work into new media studies was guilty of technological determinism – whereby the effects of media were determined by the technology themselves, rather than through tracing the complex social networks which governed the development, funding, implementation and future development of any technology.
Based on the argument that people have a limited amount of time to spend on the consumption of different media, Displacement theory argue that the viewership or readership of one particular outlet leads to the reduction in the amount of time spent by the individual on another. The introduction of New Media, such as the internet, therefore reduces the amount of time individuals would spend on existing “Old” Media, which could ultimately lead to the end of such traditional media.